Puerto Rico: Isle of Enchantment
Joseph M. Sinnott
[Reprinted from Land and Freedom, May-June
1941]
On the nineteenth of November 1493, an armada of seventeen ships
under Christopher Columbus skirted the coast of a mountainous
palm-fringed island and dropped anchor in a wide, placid bay. Columbus
immediately went ashore and with formal ceremonies declared the island
a possession of Spain. In the typical Spanish manner of the time, he
christened it San Juan Bautista Saint John the Baptist.
Amongst the motley crowd of adventurers who watched him plant the red
and gold standard of Ferdinand and Isabella in the sands was a
penurious young grandee from the province of Leon whose name was Juan
Ponce. He was destined to become immortal by his bravery, his
adventurous spirit and his quest of the Fountain of Youth.
"Ay, Que Puerto Rico"
Columbus sailed away never to return. The youthful Juan Ponce de
Leon, however, rose to rank and responsibility in the nearby island of
Hispaniola. Stories were brought to him of vast amounts of gold on the
neglected Island of San Juan Bautista and he secured an appointment
from the Governor of the Indies to conduct an expedition there.
He landed with an army of fifty soldiers on August 12, 1508. Ponce de
Leon made his way along the coast of the Island trading in friendly
fashion with the natives from time to time until he came to a wide,
safe harbor. Recognizing the verdant wealth of the island he was
circumnavigating, he exclaimed, "Ay, que puerto rico!" -- "Oh,
what a rich port!" Years later that exclamation appropriately
embodied the name of the Island, and its prior name, San Juan
Bautista, became limited to the fortified city which is now the
Island's capital.
The native Borinquens and Caribs whom the Spaniards found on the
Island proved hospitable and peaceful, but forced labor in the service
of the white man was soon installed. The Spaniards brought their
system of Encomiendas and Repartimientos which has received so much
unfavorable criticism from historians of the Colonial period. This
system, somewhat akin to our present ward-boss politics, gave to
certain favorites, who had supposedly rendered special services to the
government, the possession of designated lands and a certain number of
Indians. Greedy for gain, the men thus favored placed intolerable
burdens on the hapless natives. Rebellion and resistance beginning
with surprise attacks on their Spanish masters proved futile. In 1511
a handful of white men with their guns and gunpowder and protective
armor met and defeated six thousand Puerto Ricans. Only those natives
who hid in the mountains or fled to sea survived. Of an estimated
eighty thousand natives at the time of the arrival of Columbus a mere
handful were left. In 1515 Licenciado Sanchez Velasquez wrote to the
King: "Excepting your Highness' Indians and those of the Crown
Officers there are not four thousand left."
To offset this depletion in the ranks of labor, the first slaves were
brought surreptitiously to the Island from Guinea in 1510, and in 1513
their general introduction was authorized by the payment of 200 ducats
per head. To suppress the smuggling of negroes, those imported legally
were branded on the forehead with a hot iron the carimbo. Any slave
not branded could be confiscated and sold at public auction.
It has been said that "Glory, Gold and God" were the three
motives that prompted Spain to its rapid conquest of what at that time
was the world's most extensive empire. The return that Puerto Rico
could make was rather small; gold she had but little and the
gold-giving colony was the favorite in the eyes of the mother country.
It was the smallest and least prepossessing of all Spain's colonies in
the New World. Consequently, like our own North Atlantic coast where
no gold had been found, it was neglected and received scant notice.
This lack of gold and the Spaniard's distaste for slow agricultural
pursuits as a means of enrichment caused the Puerto Rican colony to
straggle along in misery.
The Spanish Incumbency
The policy followed by Spain in conformity with the mercantilist
ideas of the time was the chief obstacle to the growth of commerce and
industry in Puerto Rico. In accordance with the contemporary theory,
since a colony existed solely for the benefit of the mother country,
that country could expect to reap the full harvest only by the
enjoyment of monopolistic trade relations. Under this policy Puerto
Rico could trade with a foreign power only by illegal means, and
smuggling was carried on continually.
The small gold deposits having been quickly exhausted, Puerto Rico
became essentially an agricultural community. Sugar cultivation was
introduced as early as 1514. Parallel with sugar other crops were
introduced with success. Tobacco, coffee, ginger and hides soon took
their places as the cash items in the table of exports to the mother
country. Bananas, hay, rice, maize, kidney beans, sweet potatoes and
cotton were also raised with fair success.
News of the discovery of gold in Peru reached Puerto Rico in 1534 and
whipped the colonists into a frenzy of excitement. They wanted to
abandon the Island en masse and feast on the treasures of the Incas.
Governor Lando had to impose the death penalty on "whosoever
shall attempt to leave the Island."
The discovery of gold in Peru and later in Mexico also brought to
Puerto Rico a new importance as one of a "bridge of islands"
for the protection of the treasure galleons on their way to Spain. But
the galleons brought the pirates. England, France and Holland had been
un- successful in their quest for the yellow metal. And so they did
the next best thing: they countenanced privateering and haunted the
trade routes of the Spanish Main like birds of prey. Sir Francis
Drake, hero of the Battle of the Spanish Armada, and Sir John Hawkins,
the first English slave trader, were operating in those waters in
1595. Both were mortally wounded when they attempted to capture a
richly laden galleon in the harbor of San Juan. The Earl of Cumberland
captured and sacked the town in 1598. He was forced to leave the
Island after five months because an epidemic of dysentery decimated
his ranks.
The Dutch under Bowdoin Hendrick captured, sacked and burned San Juan
in 1625 but were soon driven from the Island under the heroic
leadership of Juan de Annesquito. In 1663 the French under Beltran
D'Ogeron tried unsuccessfully to force the Island. Nearly every name
famous in the annals of piratical venture appears in early insular
history. Puerto Rico suffered many other attacks during the next two
centuries because of the constant wars which the Spanish Crown carried
on with its neighbors.
Meanwhile, the Island struggled along beneath the burden of bad
governmental administration under the control of court favorites and
the spoils system. It was not until 1778 that the native Puerto Ricans
first received the right to own land. In 1815 they received the Cedula
de Gracias, which brought reforms that stimulated business. The most
important reform made possible by this new ruling was permission to
trade with non- Spanish islands of the West Indies. In 1869 negro
slavery was abolished but not until the ruling class had reimbursed
itself to the tune of eight million pesos from the public funds.
The American Regime
As Spain's power in the world began to weaken, various of her
over-seas colonies struck for their independence. The Puerto Ricans
organized a home rule movement which flourished despite the
persecutions of the Crown Officers. One rebellion after another was
put down with ruthless cruelty. Finally an autonomous government was
actually inaugurated in Puerto Rico on February 9, 1898. However, an
examination of the political status of Puerto Ricans under the decrees
of autonomy yields little evidence of actual independent government.
The political machinery consisted of a Governor-General and an insular
Parliament composed of two houses. The Governor-General represented
the King and as Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of
Puerto Rico exercised military as well as civil authority. He was
given the power to refuse to promulgate the laws and resolutions of
the Parliament, being required only to transmit to the Spanish
Government a report of why he considered such action necessary. He
could suspend at will all civil rights and constitutional guarantees,
and dissolve Parliament, enforcing such actions if necessary by
ordering out the military and naval forces. In addition special
qualifications such as ownership of property yielding an annual
revenue of at least four thousand pesos, or the possession of a degree
from a recognized university, limited membership in the upper house of
Parliament to the landholding and professional classes. Severe
restrictions were also placed on the right to vote. Many Puerto Ricans
saw in the imminent occupation by the Americans a means of hastening
total independence and applauded the approaching sovereignty of the
United States.
On October 18, 1898, after a bloodless engagement, the Spanish colors
were lowered and the American flag was hoisted in San Juan. The Island
and its dependencies were ceded to the United States by the treaty of
Paris on December 10, 1898 and the treaty was ratified on February 6,
1899.
The American military forces took control of the Island and attempted
to reorganize its economy. Freedom of assembly, speech, press and
religion were decreed and an eight-hour day for government employees
was established. A public school system was started and the U. S.
Postal Service was extended to the Island. The highway system was
enlarged and bridges over the more important rivers were constructed.
The government lottery was abolished, cockfighting was forbidden, and
a beginning was made toward the establishment of a centralized public
health service.
Congress approved the Foraker Act on April 12, 1900 giving the Island
its first constitution under the American Government. Besides
providing for a representative form of government the principle of
free trade was established between the Island and the mainland, and
import duties previously levied on Island products entering the United
States were abolished while the full tariff "protection"
given to products of the United States was extended to Puerto Rico.
This inclusion of the Island within the American tariff wall was the
most important factor in determining Puerto Rico's future economy.
Coastwise shipping laws were made applicable to the Island. As a
result, 90% of the Island's trade was directed to the United States.
Amongst the provisions of the Foraker Act, the first organic act of
Puerto Rico after the Island passed into the hands of the United
States, was the following: "No corporation shall be authorized to
conduct the business of buying and selling real estate except such as
may be reason- ably necessary to enable it to carry out the purposes
for which it was created, and every corporation hereafter authorized
to engage in agriculture shall by its charter be restricted to the
ownership and control of not to exceed 500 acres of land. This
provision shall be held to prevent any member of a corporation engaged
in agriculture from being in any wise interested in any other
corporation engaged in agriculture."
American efficiency was soon applied to the production of wealth in
Puerto Rico. The growth of the sugar industry soon displaced coffee as
Puerto Rico's dominant pursuit and shifted agricultural economy from
that of direct consumption crops to commercial crops for export.
Development of the tobacco and citrus fruit industries followed the
same lines.
It was not very long before the Puerto Ricans discovered that they
had given up the personal latifundias of their Spanish masters for the
corporate latifundias of the new regime.
In the old days the Island politicians had but two principal
political parties, the Monarchists, or representatives of the
privileged class, and the Republicans, composed of the less fortunate
members of society. The native politicos had developed a successful
technique of discreetly threatening, blustering and bluffing in order
to force concessions from the Crown officers. However, some restraint
had to be shown because at any moment they might educe a sharp and
violent reply to their fulminations. This same technique was
transferred to the new regime but the blustering became more
thunderous as reprisals were not drawn forth. To this day this same
technique is the main stock in trade of the Puerto Rican politician.
Despite the fact that many political hacks and favorites of the
reigning political parties were sent from the mainland to the Island
during those early days, no one can deny that a sincere effort was
made to develop the resources of the Island. The introduction of
machinery began to have its usual effect and the small landholder was
soon forced to sell to the large landholder.
Meanwhile, the sugar companies found that it was to their advantage
to woo the screaming Island politicos and as a consequence the local
legislature became quite amiable. The Hon. Antonio R. Barcelo, for
many years leader of the Unionist Party, the majority party in the
Island, and for many years President of the Senate, was the brother-
in-law of Jorge Bird Arias, Vice-President and General Manager of the
Farjado Sugar Company. The Hon. Jose Tous Soto, for many years Speaker
of the House, was also attorney for the South Puerto Rican Sugar
Company. And so on down through the rank and file of both Houses. One
politician when accused of being on the payroll of a sugar company
indignantly exclaimed, "It is true that I am on the pay roll of
the sugar company but when I am on the floor of the Senate I represent
only the people of Puerto Rico and when I am off the floor of the
Senate I represent only the sugar company!"
Under such leadership it is not difficult to deduce why the people of
Puerto Rico have sunk so low in the economic and consequently the
intellectual and moral scales.
Puerto Rico Today
The Island of Puerto Rico is a little larger than the state of Rhode
Island. It consists of some 2,198,000 acres of which about 604,760 are
under cultivation. Of these acres under cultivation four large
American absentee sugar companies own and control some 200,000 acres.
Four Spanish absentee sugar companies own and control an additional
40,000 acres, making a grand total of not less than 240,000 acres
directly owned or controlled by absentee sugar companies. There are
about 60,000 more acres devoted to the production of sugar cane and
these are owned by small farmers who sell their crops to the big sugar
companies. Since these small farmers or colonos are often financed by
the sugar companies and are dependent upon them for grinding their
cane, one can readily see that their relationship is one of dependence
on the big companies. This makes a grand total of approximately
300,000 Island acres devoted to sugar cane alone. While sugar acreage
was increasing five times, crops devoted to food were declining to
less than two-thirds of their former acreage.
Owing principally to periodic devastation by hurricanes, coffee
production has been steadily declining but there are still about
169,000 acres devoted to this purpose. Nearly 60% of this acreage is
also controlled by absentee companies and landlords. About 30,000
acres are planted with tobacco. Of this about 85% is controlled by
four absentee companies. In addition there are about 6,500 acres
devoted to the cultivation of fruits. About 31% of these lands are
absentee controlled.
Thus, of an approximate total of 604,000 acres under cultivation,
nearly 370, 000 acres are directly controlled by absentee owners,
mostly American, in only four export crops. A good part of the
remaining land is heavily mortgaged to absentee banks.
This absentee control is not confined to the land. Examination shows
that Island Banks are 60% absentee controlled, railroads 60%, Public
Utilities 50% and steamship lines approximately 100%. It may be said
in general that 60% of the wealth of the Island is absentee
controlled.
No wonder the 1,800,000 inhabitants of the Island must import 90% of
their scanty diet of beans, codfish and polished rice from the United
States. Although the United States tariff gives the island a protected
market for the absentee export crops, the poor native must buy in a
protected market and pay 14% more for his imported foodstuffs than the
New York City laborer, although his wages are 85% less!
The complicity of the Insular Legislature also manifests itself in
other ways. And so it is not surprising to find that the lands owned
or controlled by the large sugar companies are assessed for purposes
of taxation at about one-half their real values. To a lesser degree
the same deliberate under-assessment obtains in the tobacco and coffee
industries.
The wretched native, crowded from all the better land of the Island,
is forced to live on swampy or barren tracts or driven to seek the
miasmic shelter of the slums of the large cities.
Shut off from the land, the source of all wealth, he is forced to
compete with thousands of other unfortunate, landless creatures like
himself in order to gain access to the means of subsistence. And this
intense competition drives his wages down to the starvation point.
Thus it is not surprising to find that agricultural wages for males
average from $4.00 per week in the sugar industry to $2.37 per week in
coffee growing. In some cases women workers earn an average of 2Vz or
3 cents per hour. The lowest wages for rural workers were in truck
gardening. In this activity men worked 38.9 hours a week at an average
weekly wage of $2.26. Women worked 56.7 hours per week with a weekly
rate of $1.78, and children worked a full week of 48 hours receiving
$1.50 per week.
This same maddening competition also affects urban wages, and in
1937-38 we find that wages for males ranged from a high of $13.00 per
week in the printing trades to a low of $2.52 for dock workers. As a
rule, in the cities women receive lower wages than men.
It was not long before this struggling mass of poverty- stricken
humanity attracted the attention of some shrewd gentlemen on the
mainland, and soon the needlework industry was established. At first
this new enterprise was treated with contempt by the Island politicos
as not worthy of their blandishments. Soon, however, their demeanor
changed as the infant industry surged its way forward to become the
second most important insular activity ranking next to King Sugar.
The industry thrived but the wages of the workers engaged in it did
not. We find that needle workers average 15 to 25 cents a day for
those who work in their homes and 50 cents to one dollar per day for
shop workers.
This condition of starvation wages and consequent degraded living
conditions can only lead to disease and death. Therefore it is not
surprising to find that the diseases that flow from poverty run
rampant through the Island. The death rate for infants under two years
of age chiefly from enteritis and diarrhea resulting from malnutrition
and unsanitary living conditions is probably the highest in the world.
Among people of all ages tuberculosis, mostly caused by overcrowding
in houses and lack of proper food, annually produces the second
largest number of fatalities. Hospitalization of these sufferers is
impossible because of a lack of funds. Malaria presents one of the
most serious health problems with the great majority of swamp dwellers
unable to buy the quinine necessary to combat this disease. The
insular government doles out small quantities free to some of these
victims. Hookworm at one time affected 98% of the rural population.
Through the efforts of the International Health Board of the
Rockefeller Foundation this scourge now infests only about 40% of the
field workers. This disease is caused chiefly by a lack of shoes while
toiling in polluted soil.
In general it may be averred that the death rate for all ages in
Puerto Rico is nearly twice that of the United States. The natives,
ground down by man and harassed by the diseases of poverty, eke out a
short and weary existence.
To escape those intolerable conditions the poor jibaro has tried to
flee from his oppressors just as in early Spanish days. About 55,000
live in New York and Brooklyn, and thousands more would come if they
could get the passage money.
The Quest for a Solution
The writer used to watch youngsters of seventeen and eighteen years
of age secretly drilling in Black shirts and with wooden guns in a
pathetic desperate preparation to throw off the supposed yoke of the
United States Government. This clandestine Nationalist movement was
covertly supported by many of the Island politicos who hoped thereby
to provoke the Federal Government into greater concessions and
expenditures. They quickly took to cover however when the movement
flared into violence and murder and culminated in the Albizu Campos
incident.
Now the Island politicians still follow the old, successful
Monarchical-Republican party technique of the early Spanish days and
blame the United States Government for all the ills that afflict the
Island. The hapless workers, believing in the integrity and patriotism
of their leaders, lend ear to their bombastic denunciations and
consequently they also are inclined to rail against the Federal
Government.
It is true that the United States Government has erred in many of its
policies with regard to Puerto Rico but all actions should be judged
by the motives which prompt them. In the great majority of cases these
motives were good. Time after time the Federal Government has sent
commissions to Puerto Rico in order to study conditions and alleviate
the condition of the people. Time after time have the efforts of these
commissions been sabotaged by the big corporations and their insular
lackeys. One earnest man after another has been attacked and
discredited by the politicians 'and the privileged group of less than
five thousand people who fatten on the miseries of their fellow
countrymen. These sincere men, caught in the whirlwind of screaming
invective abuse in the controlled insular press have been forced to
leave the Island in disgust and seeming disgrace.
Because of the machinations of the politicians and the privileged
five thousand, the 500-acre law has lain dormant in the law books
since 1900 with no attempt made to enforce it. Laws to protect the
colono from usury and extortion are also disregarded. The minimum wage
laws in the needle- work and other industries and the laws governing
child labor are bogged down and lost in seas of insular red tape
deliberately spun by the small, compact privileged class of Puerto
Ricans. All this despite the fact that for some years the Island has
enjoyed complete home rule in matters of internal policy.
To combat the evils caused by insular and absentee land
appropriation, the United States Government has poured over eighty
million dollars into the Island during the past few years under the
auspices of the Puerto Rican Reconstruction Administration. At one
time seventy-five percent of the people on the Island were directly or
indirectly dependent upon this fund. Because the Federal Government
does not allow the Island politicians to administer this fund to their
own advantage, they immediately set up the cry of "carpetbaggerismo."
It was due to the efforts and insistent urgings of the U. S.
Department of Interior at Washington that the 500-acre law (shot
through with legal loopholes and inefficacious as it is) was revived
again and legal steps were taken to implement the Federal Minimum Wage
Laws and the Child Labor Law.
On April 12, 1941, Governor Swope signed the Puerto Rico Land
Authority bill, which establishes a Land Authority composed of seven
members who are charged with carrying out the Congressional resolution
of 1900, limiting corporate land holdings to 500 acres. Of course, the
sugar companies expect to be compensated for their holdings and the
battle and the delaying tactics in the courts have already begun. The
most that can be said for this measure is that a faltering step in the
right direction has been taken.
The Malthusian theory is still carefully nurtured by the privileged
class in Puerto Rico since it enables them to shift to the Creator any
responsibility it cannot hurl at the United States. The slightest use
of the halls and appurtenances of the University of Puerto Rico should
soon convince them, if they really want to be convinced, that the
solution of the problem of over-population is not to be found in the
Birth Control Law of 1937 but in a higher elevation of the standard of
wages. The increased standard of wages would increase the standard of
comfort and the higher standard of comfort would raise the level of
intelligence. The wisdom of the ages tells us that the higher the
mental type the less the tendency to large families. The problem of
over- population in Puerto Rico is merely another aspect of the
general problem of poverty.
Careful analysis affords most convincing proof that the misery and
degradation of 95% of the inhabitants of the "Isle of Enchantment"
are not due to the machinations of the Federal Government nor to the
stupidity of the Creator, but most assuredly stem from the greed and
cupidity of corporation-controlled legislators and the guilty
connivance of the privileged five thousand.
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