Schooling Is Not Education
Mortimer J. Adler
[Reprinted from a newspaper column, 2 December 1986]
For more than 40 years, a controlling insight in my educational
philosophy has been the recognition that no one has ever been - no one
can ever be - educated in school or college.
That would be the case if our schools and colleges were at their very
best, which they certainly are not, and even if the students were
among the first and the brightest as well as conscientious in the
application of their powers.
The reason is simply that youth itself - immaturity - is an
insuperable obstacle to becoming educated. Schooling is for the young.
Education comes later, usually much later. The very best thing for our
schools to do is to prepare the young for continued learning in later
life by giving them the skills of learning and the love of it. Our
schools and colleges are not doing that now, but that is what they
should be doing.
To speak of an educated young person or of a wises young person, rich
in the understanding of basic ideas and issues, is as much a
contradiction in terms as to speak of a round square. The young can be
prepared for education in the years to come, but only mature men and
women can become educated, beginning the process In their 40's and
50's and reaching some modicum of genuine, insight, sound judgment and
practical wisdom after they have turned 60.
This is what no high school or college graduate knows or can
understand. As a matter of fact, most of their teachers do not seem to
know it. In their obsession with covering ground and in the way in
which they test or examine their students, they certainly do not act
as if they understood that they were only preparing their students for
education in later life rather than trying to complete it within the
precincts at their institutions.
There is, of course, some truth in the ancient insight that awareness
of ignorance is the beginning of wisdom. But, remember, it is just the
beginning. From there on one has to do something about it. And to do
it intelligently one must know something of its causes and cures - why
adults need education and what, it anything, they can do about it.
When young adults realize how little they learned in school, they
usually assume there was something wrong with the school they attended
or with the way they spent their time there. But the fact is that the
best possible graduate of the best possible school needs to continue
learning every bit as much as the worst.
How should they go about doing this? In a recent book, I tried to
answer the question. "How should persons proceed who wish to
conduct for themselves the continuation of learning after all
schooling has been finished?" The brief and simple answer to the
question is: Read and discuss.
Never just read, for reading without discussion with others who have
read the same book is not nearly as profitable. And as reading without
discussion can fail to yield the full measure of .understanding that
should be sought, so discussion without the substance that good and
great books afford is likely to degenerate into little more than an
exchange of opinions or personal prejudices.
Those who take this prescription seriously would, of course, be
better off if their schooling had given them the intellectual
discipline and skill they need to carry it out, and if it had also
introduced them to the world of learning with some appreciation of its
basic ideas and issues. But even the individual who is fortunate
enough to leave school or college with a mind so disciplined, and with
an abiding love of learning, would still have a long road to travel
before he or she became an educated person.
If our schools and colleges were doing their part and adults were
doing theirs, all would be well. However, our schools and colleges are
not doing their part because they are trying to do everything else.
And adults are not doing their part because most are under the
illusion that they had completed their education when they finished
their schooling.
Only the person who realizes that mature life is the time to get the
education that no young person can ever acquire is at last on the high
road to learning. The road is steep and rocky, but it is the high
road, open to anyone who has skill in learning. and the ultimate goal
of all learning in view - understanding the nature of things and man's
place in the total scheme.
An educated person is one who through the travail of his own life has
assimilated the ideas that make him representative of his culture,
that make him a bearer of its traditions and enable him to contribute
to its improvement.
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