Public Policy and the Elderly
Robert Clancy
[Reprinted from Land & Liberty,
November-December, 1971]
NICE NAMES are frequently devised to cover up situations that are not
so nice. "Act of faith" was the name used for the burning of
heretics. When the income tax in the U.S. started biting really hard,
the Bureau of Internal Revenue changed its name to Internal Revenue
Service.
Today, "old age" goes by the name of "the later years,"
and an old person is called a "senior citizen." This alone
should indicate trouble and observation bears this out. The generation
gap in our society now appears to be a three-way split: youth
alienated from the middle years, the middle years alienated from old
age.
One of the many unsolved paradoxes of our time is the situation with
respect to old age. We boast of medical science having increased the
average human life span considerably. Yet the added years seem to be
an embarrassment and an encumbrance to society. An old person is no
longer allowed to die in peace without all the paraphernalia of modern
medicine rushed to keep his life going a little longer. And if the
patient does live, we don't know what to do with him.
Increasingly, elderly people are being put out of sight. Modern
married couples, trying to raise a family and keep up with the
economic demands on them, find - or think - they cannot keep parents
too, and so they try to find a place to put them.
The problem seems to revolve mostly around urban people in the middle
income bracket. The well-to-do can take care of themselves and the
elderly rich need worry only about pesky doctors and meddling
relatives. The poor somehow have a way of managing. Starting with
little they have little to lose. In less developed cultures the old
folks have a place in society and a function to perform. They supply
memories of old times and the wisdom that comes with age. They provide
"charisma," lubrication for the family, and affection and
attention to the young ones.
But with middle classes in modern civilized society, no function has
been found for old people. The emphasis is on youthful maturity and
the productive years. The older years which ought to be the harvest
years are feared and avoided. Old people are put out of sight as
though to spare others the reminder of what we must all become.
But the problem is where to put the old folks. Many end their
days in hospital. Many are dumped into state mental institutions even
though there is nothing wrong with them save a few eccentricities. But
this saves the family the cost of caring for them. The cost to the old
folks is much more terrible. Though they may begin relatively
normally, mental symptoms do develop as a result of abandonment and
neglect. Apathy and depression ensue and death follows soon after.
Nursing homes are almost as dismal. Besides, they are so expensive as
to be out of reach - hence the temptation to resort to the public
institutions. Another proposed solution is the development of "retirement
communities" - housing projects catering to the needs of the
elderly. This is trying to put a good face on the effort to push old
people aside. And since this enterprise is costly too, there is a
clamour for public funds to support such ventures. Nowadays, virtually
every problem ends with "more government support" as the
proposed solution. It is extraordinary that responsible leaders can
think of nothing but this economic dead end.
The move toward putting old people off by themselves is
sociologically as well as economically unsound. It robs society of the
richness that comes of having all ages intermingled. Every age group
has something to offer and something it needs from the others. There
is a certain amount of natural segregation of age groups, but there is
also a natural mingling. Artificial and institutionalized segregation
is not conducive either to the individual or the general good.
There is also something self-deceptive, even fraudulent, about the
proceedings. For in dealing with old people, the people of middle
years seem to be denying that they too must grow old. They seem to be
shutting their eyes to the realization that in fewer years than they
care to think about, younger people are going to do the same thing to
them. Yet that fear and realization lurks beneath the surface,
explaining much curious behaviour.
Labour unions are in a constant turmoil. More and more, labour
troubles have to do with retirement benefits rather than with current
pay. Retirement carries with it not a sense of relief and reward, but
the feeling of being cast off, of becoming a problem, of not knowing
what to do with oneself, of insecurity. A good deal of the dishonesty
in business and politics is motivated by the desire to fend for one's
old age. Meanwhile, the evil day is put off as long as possible with
frantic scurryings and boasting.
This should not be. Life should be of one piece and within the matrix
of society, birth, youth, maturity, old age and death should be a
procession that is fully accepted and allowed for. That this is not so
indicates a profound disorder in our society. We seem to be
schizophrenic-ally split in all directions.
It is evident that the problem is basically an economic one. Making a
decent living-in a way that provides for one's old age-holds the key
to the problem. When we can solve the problem of having progress
without poverty we will be a fair way towards solving old age as a
social problem.
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