A Menace and a Promise
Henry George
[1897]
Though we may not speak it openly, the general faith in democratic
institutions, where they have reached their fullest development, is
narrowing and weakening; it is no longer the confident belief in
democracy as the source of national blessings that it once was.
Thoughtful men are beginning to see its dangers, without seeing how to
escape them; they are beginning to accept the view of Macaulay and to
distrust that of Jefferson. The people at large are becoming used to
the growing corruption; the most ominous political sign is the growth
of a sentiment which either doubts the existence of an honest man in
public office or looks on him as a fool for not seizing his
opportunities. That is to say, the people themselves are becoming
corrupted.
Where this course leads is clear to whoever will think. As corruption
becomes chronic; as public spirit is lost; as traditions of honour,
virtue and patriotism are weakened; as law is brought into contempt
and reforms become hopeless; then in the festering mass will be
generated volcanic forces which will shatter and rend when seeming
accidents give them vent. Strong unscrupulous men, rising up upon
occasion, will become the exponents of blind popular desires or fierce
popular passions, and dash aside forms that have lost their vitality.
The sword will again be mightier than the pen, and in carnivals of
destruction brute force and wild frenzy will alternate with the
lethargy of a declining civilisation.
Whence shall come the new barbarians? Go through the squalid quarters
of great cities, and you may see, even now, their gathering hordes.
How shall learning perish? Men will cease to read, and books will
kindle fires and be turned into cartridges!
It is startling to think how slight the traces that would be left of
our civilisation did it pass through the throes that have accompanied
the decline of every previous civilisation. Paper will not last like
parchment, nor are our most massive buildings and monuments to be
compared in solidity with the rock-hewn temples and titanic edifices
of old civilisations. And invention has given us not merely the steam
engine and the printing press, but petroleum, nitro-glycerine and
dynamite.
Yet to hint today that our civilisation may possibly he tending to
decline seems like the wildness of pessimism. The special tendencies
to which I have alluded are obvious to thinking men, but with the
majority of thinking men, as with the great masses, the belief in
substantial progress is yet deep and strong -- a fundamental belief
that admits not the shadow of a doubt.
But anyone who will think over the matter will see that this must
necessarily be the case where advance gradually passes into
retrogression. For in social development, as in everything else,
motion tends to persist in straight lines and therefore, where there
has been a previous advance, it is extremely difficult to recognise
decline, even when it has fully commenced; there is an almost
irresistible tendency to believe that the forward movement, which has
been advance, and is still going on, is still advance. The web of
beliefs, customs, laws, institutions and habits, constantly being spun
by each community and producing, in the individual environed by it,
all the differences of national character, is never unravelled. That
is to say, in the decline of civilisation, communities do not go down
by the same paths as those by which they came up.
And how the retrogression of civilisation, following a period of
advance, may be so gradual as to attract no attention at the time;
nay, how that decline must necessarily, by the great majority of men,
be mistaken for advance, is easily seen. For instance, there is an
enormous difference between Grecian art of the classic period and that
of the lower empire; yet the change was accompanied, or rather was
caused, by a change of taste. The artists who most quickly followed
the change of taste were in their day regarded as the superior
artists. And so of literature. As it became more vapid, puerile and
stilted, it would be in obedience to an altered taste, which would
regard its increasing weakness as increasing strength and beauty. The
really good writer would not find readers; he would be regarded as
rude, dry, or dull. And so would the drama decline; not because there
was a lack of good plays, but because the prevailing taste became more
and more that of a less cultured class, who, of course, would regard
that which they most admire as the best of its kind. And so too of
religion the superstitions that a superstitious people will add to it
will be regarded by them as improvements. As the decline goes on, the
return to barbarism, where it is not in itself regarded as an advance,
will seem necessary to meet the exigencies of the times.
Whether in the present drifts of opinion and taste there are as yet
any indications of retrogression, it is not necessary to inquire; but
there are many things about which there can be no dispute that go to
show that our civilisation has reached a critical period and that,
unless a new start is made in the direction of social equality, tile
nineteenth century may to the future have marked its climax.
This truth involves both a menace and a promise. The evils arising
from the unjust and unequal distribution of wealth are not incidents
of progress, but tendencies that must bring progress to a halt; they
will not cure themselves, but on the contrary must, unless their cause
is removed, grow greater and greater, until they sweep us back into
barbarism by the road every previous civilisation has trod. But it
also shows that these evils are not imposed by natural laws, that they
spring solely from social maladjustments that ignore natural laws; and
that in removing their cause we shall be giving an enormous impetus to
progress.
In permitting the monopolization of the natural opportunities that
nature freely offers to all, we have ignored the fundamental law of
justice. But by sweeping away this injustice and asserting the rights
of all men to natural opportunities, we shall conform ourselves to the
law -- we' shall remove the great cause of unnatural inequality in the
distribution of wealth and power. It is not enough that men should
vote; it is not enough that they should be theoretically equal before
the law. They must have liberty to avail themselves of the
opportunities and means of life; they must stand on equal terms with
reference to the bounty of nature. Either this, or Liberty withdraws
her light! Either this, or darkness comes on, and the very forces that
progress has evolved turn to powers that work destruction. This is the
universal law. This is the lesson of the centuries. Unless its
foundations be laid in justice the social structure cannot stand.
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