Who is a Radical?
Joseph Dana Miller
[Reprinted from Land and Freedom,
September-October 1936]
Joseph Dana Miller was during this period
Editor of Land and Freedom. Many of the editorials
published were unsigned. It is therefore possible that Miller was
not the author of this article, although the content is thought to
be consistent with his own perspectives as Editor. |
Again we protest against the misuse of the word "radical."
Every half-baked thinker on economics with some crazy scheme for
social amelioration is dubbed a "radical." Now radical means
going to the root. In this sense the 25th chapter of Leviticus is
radical, as are Isaiah, Moses and Henry George. Socialists and
communists may be superficial, even dangerous, but they are never
radical. A radical is one who "thinks through."
The touchstone of economic wisdom, the foundation that must be laid
before we speculate as to the super- structure, is freedom. This is
the negation of all planning, of all restriction and regulation. A
true society is not built in this way. We must begin with assuming the
voluntary cooperation of individuals, to the essential success of
which all existing restrictions must be removed. The field then is
left free for the normal development of society out of healthy natural
impulses.
The thought carries us far and wider. Tennyson wrote: "The
individual withers and the world is more and more." The exact
reverse is true, for despite the complications of government and the
encroachments of the state there is at bottom an increasing impatience
with the meddling of parliamentarianism, which in some degree accounts
for the phenomenon of dictatorships which seeks to throw all this
aside. It matters not for the moment if the individual is sunk in the
prevailing ascendancy of dictators springing from the very impatience
of nations with the futile pottering of legislation. Dictators are a
natural reaction to the failure of society to get itself straightened
out on the bread and butter question which we call economics.
So, contrary to Tennyson, the struggle is still with the individual.
He does not wither while the world grows more and more, but with
increasing intelligence, as well as with increasing impatience, he
beats the sides of his cage while he struggles to escape. He is
striving to free himself from the same restrictions which
short-sighted reformers like the socialists seek to impose. It is not
to exaggerate when we say that the constant if not always conscious
struggle of mankind has been to escape government.
The prevalence of dictatorships is not due to the failure of
democracy since democracy has not been tried. Nor is it wholly due to
the slave-mindedness developed in vast masses of the people by poverty
and misery. The latter explains in part the ease with which dictators
have slipped into power. But it has other reasons which we have
indicated. Not that democracy has failed, but that those, in whose
control it was, have failed to make it work.
Democracy has seemingly failed in its artificial devices. These
devices are now revealed in their naked impotency. Hailed with
unbounded enthusiasm by the reformers they have amounted to but
little. Among these are the secret ballot, the Initiative and
Referendum, the Recall, Commission Government for cities, etc., etc.
These devices were intended to realize the efficiency of an improved
democracy. On the whole they have turned out to be bitter
disappointments.
In a larger field the League of Nations, Woman Suffrage, Disarmament,
Prohibition and the Repeal of Prohibition, have all failed to redeem
the glory of their promise. And the corruption of cities is probably
as deep and wide-spread as it ever was. We turn out Tammany Hall once
or twice in every decade because the Hall seems to represent, whether
justly or not, the forces most abhorrent to the friends of good
government. But there must be something not entirely without merit in
the organization which returns so repeatedly to power. Either that, or
the human side of the organization finds its appeal among the poor and
lowly.
Certainly the revelations of committees appointed to disclose
corruption in the high places of our city governments, as notably the
Seabury investigation, and the many similar committees of inquiry that
have preceded it, show nothing but the futility of such
investigations. They help to focus attention on some aspiring
politician, who momentarily flickers, moth-fashion, in the political
limelight. And that is all. It seems not to have occurred to these
gentlemen that the little improvement they strive for, the small
corruptions they would abolish, are as nothing compared to the basic
wrongs from which after all most of these lesser wrongs spring. The
hope to rid ourselves by jailing offenders is a childish delusion.
But, as we say, it is of momentary advantage to some Lexow, Raines or
Jerome. Maybe these investigations have their uses as civic spasms.
But history tells how little lasting are their effects.
The shallowness and superficiality that characterize these futile
investigations into various systems of municipal corruption, the
regularly recurring fanfare which makes front-page news, serve no
useful purpose, and the suspicion grows that they are not meant to
serve any. No hint is forthcoming from any one starting or controlling
these investigations as to what should be done about it. With more
than half of the population in want or in fear of want the division in
part of this population into a dependent class on one side and a
predatory class on the other is inevitable with all that flows from
it. Hereafter it will be well for those appointed to take part in such
investigation to consider not whom it is intended to discredit, but
for whose particular glorification it was designed. In short, cui
bono?
AS there is a superficiality wide-spread in current reasoning so in
phraseology. We have been wondering who are the "economic
royalists" referred to by Mr. Roosevelt to describe a group not
clearly identified. We concede that they may be undesirable but who
are they? What do they represent? We were a little puzzled by the term
Tories whom we linked up with the little pants presser in Jersey City
and those who would make him a member a rather insignificant one, it
seemed to us of what Professor Tugwell calls "a disciplined
industry," all industrialists, great and small, being so many bad
little boys to be whipped and sent to bed.
ONE of the ablest democratic leaders who has "walked out"
is Joseph B. Ely, former governor of Massachusetts. In an article in
the Saturday Evening Post of July 4 he gives his reasons for refusing
to support President Roosevelt for reelection. He does not realize the
significance of much that he says that we fear is obvious. It is even
a little exasperating to find him stumbling over the truth and then
shying away from it quite unintentionally, we believe. He quotes
Jefferson as follows:
"A wise and frugal government which shall restrain
men from injuring one another, which shall leave them otherwise free
to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvements, and
shall not take from the mouths of labor the bread it has earned."
Mr. Ely comments as follows:
"That was the ideal the American ideal of political
and economic freedom. That was our heritage the greatest heritage
ever received by any people in the world's history. And during the
years we have neglected our heritage. We have allowed it to be
violated. In the rush to conquer a new continent, in the
concentration necessary to build up the greatest industrial nation
the world has ever seen, we have failed to guard against
encroachments on our freedom."
Does he really sense the significance of the following:
"No, there will be little said about the real
underlying issue. That will have to wait for another four years
perhaps longer. But sooner or later, it must be faced and the answer
must be given."
Yes, indeed the answer must be given. In another part of his article
he says:
"We were not visited by these destructive forces
because we believed in political and economic freedom. Ample proof
can be found in the fact that the depression is world-wide, whereas
political and economic freedom, unfortunately, is not."
Governor Ely has placed his foot on the first step of the threshold.
He has knocked at the door No one with voice comparable to his in
weight and influence has come so near to indicating the real problem
We thank him. Will he now go on from where he has stopped? It is but a
little way; his words unlike the balyhoo to which we have been
accustomed to listen mean something. He may not know all it means; we
suspect he does not. But he hears the ringing of the bells in the
steeple; he knows the direction and will fine the church.
It may be well to elaborate somewhat on the message of Governor Ely
to the American people, so that our readers may sense its importance.
He says:
"We can not have a planned economy under the
American system."
Governor Ely is one of the few men whose opposition to the Roosevelt
programme is really important. He sees that something more is required
than the defeat of the administration and the New Deal. He sees that
to guard against a recurrence of another four years of un-America;
experimentation it is necessary also to defeat the insidious forces
which working from without have determined the character of much of
our legislation. He seeks to restore what he calls "a free
economy," but he has his own idea about that and he is very
positive that there is a real underlying issue, a problem to which
sooner or later "an answer must be given." He therefore goes
beyond the merely negative criticism of Roosevelt which is common
enough, but advances to occupy what is the real battle ground of the
future.
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