Henry George and Leo Tolstoy:
A Comparison
Jack Schwartzman
[A paper delivered at a symposium on Henry George and
Leo Tolstoy.
The date and location are unknown]
"Social reform is not to be secured by
noise and shouting; by complaints and denunciation; by the
formation of parties, or the making of revolutions; but by the
awakening of thought and the progress of ideas. Until there be
correct thought, there cannot be right action; and when there is
correct thought, right action will follow." - George
"The position of the Christian world, with its
fortresses, cannon, dynamite, guns, torpedoes, prisons, gallows,
churches, factories, custom-houses, and palaces is monstrous.
But neither fortresses nor cannons nor guns by themselves can
make war, nor can the prisons lock their gates, nor the gallows
hang, nor the churches themselves lead men astray, nor the
customhouses claim their dues, nor palaces and factories build
and support themselves; all these operations are performed by
men; and when men understand that they need not make them, then
these things will cease to be. " - Tolstoy
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I had previously spoken about, and written essays on Henry George
(1839-1897) and Lev (or Leo) Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828-1910). In this
article, I shall present (by means of a thematic comparison) the main
ideas of both men. The reader will have the rare opportunity of
listening to two noted champions of individualism discuss the same
topics, each in his own words. It will truly be a symposium of great
thoughts.
Who were these men? George, the author of Progress and Poverty,
The Science of Political Economy, and other economic
masterpieces, was a printer and journalist who became (late in his
life) a celebrated political figure. Tolstoy, the author of War
and Peace, Anna Karenina, Resurrection, and other
great writings, was a famous novelist who became (also late in life) a
proponent of what some have called "philosophic anarchism."
The two men had never met, but they corresponded with each other. On
April 8,1896 (one hundred years ago), Tolstoy wrote George a letter
(currently located in a special collection at the New York Public
Library): "The reception of your letter gave me... great joy, for
it is a long time that I know you and love you. Though the paths we go
by are different, I do not think that we differ in the foundation of
our thoughts." (Original letter, written in English by
Tolstoy) Tolstoy once called George "a remarkable man,"
adding (later in the same work): "People do not argue with the
teaching of George; they simply do not know it." (A Great
Iniquity, 1905)
We are now ready for the "symposium."
* * *
To begin with, what are the "negative" factors of human
existence?
The two thinkers (using the same expression: "masses")
commented on the prevailing condition of humanity, which they declared
to be grim and dismal.
GEORGE: "What oppresses the masses is their own
ignorance, their own short-sighted selfishness." (Social
Problems, 1883) "Until they trace effect to cause, until
they see how they are fettered and how they may be freed, their
struggles are... [in] vain." (Protection or Free Trade,
1886)
TOLSTOY: "The masses - that is to say, the majority of
mankind, ... suffer and toil, their lives dull and uninteresting,
never enlivened by a ray of brightness, enduring numberless
privations." (The Kingdom of God Is within You, 1891)
Both George and Tolstoy attributed the stark condition of mankind to
material poverty.
GEORGE: "Poverty is the openmouthed, relentless hell
which yawns beneath civilized society. ...For poverty is not merely
deprivation; it means shame, degradation; the searing of the most
sensitive parts of our moral and mental nature as with hot irons;
the denial of the strongest impulses and the sweetest affections;
the wrenching of the most vital nerves." (Progress and
Poverty, 1879)
TOLSTOY: "Every man ... sees his fellow-beings divided into
two classes, the one in poverty and distress, which labors and is
oppressed; the other idle, tyrannical, luxurious." (The
Kingdom of God Is within You) "I sit on a man's back,
choking him and making him carry me, and yet assure myself and
others that I am very sorry for him and wish to ease his lot by all
possible means - except by getting off his back." (What
Then Must We Do?, 1886)
To George and Tolstoy, land monopoly - the usurping of the natural
resources of the world - is responsible for the horrible poverty and
social misery that exists everywhere.
GEORGE: "Historically as well as ethically, private
property in land is robbery. It nowhere springs from contract; it
can nowhere be traced to perceptions of justice or expediency; it
has everywhere had its birth in war and conquest, and in the selfish
use which the cunning have made of superstition and law." (Progress
and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "The evil and injustice of private property in land
have been pointed out... by the prophets and sages of old.
...Possessing hundreds, thousands, scores of thousands of acres,
trading in land, profiting one way or the other by landed property,
and living luxuriously, thanks to the oppression of the people,
possible through this cruel and obvious injustice... is not only an
unkind but a detestable and evil thing." (A Great Iniquity)
To perpetuate their entrenched power, land barons (and other
monopolists) create the State (or oppressive government, words
synonymously used). Here is how George and Tolstoy regarded the
concept of State/government:
GEORGE: 'To collect taxes, to prevent and punish
evasions, to check and countercheck revenues from so many distinct
sources, now make up probably three-fourths, perhaps seven-eighths
of the business of government." (Progress and Poverty)
"Where there is gross inequality in the distribution of
wealth, the more democratic the government the worse it will be;
for, while rotten democracy may not in itself be worse than rotten
autocracy, its effects upon national character will be worse. ...To
put political power in the hands of men embittered and degraded by
poverty is to tie firebrands to foxes and turn them loose amid the
standing corn." (Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "Terrible force is lodged in the hands of the
authorities ... a vast amount of money, institutions, riches,
submissive functionaries of the clergy, and the army... The
government... can - unless it is bribed - suppress and annihilate
all those who are opposed to it." (Postscript to the "Life
and Death of Drozhin," 1895)
A "strong" (autocratic) State is accompanied by zealous
(often fanatic) patriotism. Our thinkers had definite views on the
subject.
GEORGE: "In a corrupt democracy, the tendency is
always to give power to the worst. Honesty and patriotism are
weighted, and unscrupulousness commands success. The best gravitate
to the bottom, the worst float to the top, and the vile will only be
ousted by the vile." (Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "Patriotism today is the cruel tradition of an
outlived period, which exists not merely by its inertia, but because
the governments and ruling classes, aware that not their power only,
but their very existence, depends upon it, persistently excite and
maintain it among the people, both by cunning and violence." (On
Patriotism, 1894)
The life-blood of the State is taxation.
GEORGE: The present method of taxation operates upon
exchange like artificial deserts and mountains; it costs more to get
goods through a custom house than it does to carry them around the
world. It operates upon energy, and industry, and skill, and thrift,
like a fine upon those qualities. If I have worked harder and built
myself a good house while you have been contented to live in a
hovel, the tax gatherer comes annually to make me pay a penalty for
my energy and industry, by taxing me more than you. If I have saved
while you wasted, I am mulct, while you are exempt... We punish with
a tax the man who covers barren fields with ripening grain; we fine
him who puts up machinery, and him who drains a swamp." (Progress
and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "We are all brothers: yet I make my living by
collecting taxes from the poor, that the rich may live in luxury and
idleness." (The Kingdom of God is within You)
The worship of the authoritarian State (augmented by frenzied
patriotism and unbridled taxation) inevitably leads to war.
GEORGE: "As families and tribes are separated from
each other, the social feeling ceases to operate between them, and
differences arise in language, custom, tradition, religion - in
short, in the whole social web which each community, ... constantly
spins. With these differences, prejudices grow, animosities spring
up, contact easily produces quarrels, aggression begets aggression,
... wrong kindles revenge ... and the powers of men are expended in
attack or defense, in mutual slaughter and mutual destruction of
wealth, or in warlike preparation." (Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "We see men in uniforms with rifles standing
motionless, or... in general producing those fine reviews and
maneuvers which emperors and kings so admire and show off one before
the other... One cannot cauterize out of man all that is human and
reduce him to the state of a machine without torturing... and
deceiving him." (Notes for Officers, 1901)
"It has been instilled into you [soldiers] that you are not
responsible for the consequences of your shots. But you know that
the man who falls bleeding from your shot is killed by you and by no
one else, and you know that you could have refrained from shooting
and that then the man would not have been killed." (Notes
for Soldiers, 1901)
Considering the desperate condition of humanity, would charity or
philanthropy help?
GEORGE: "Charity is indeed a noble and beautiful
virtue, grateful to man and approved by God. But charity must be
built on justice. It cannot supersede justice. What is wrong with
the condition of labor... is that labor is robbed. And while you
justify the continuance of that robbery, it is idle to urge charity.
All that charity can do where injustice exists is here and there
mollify somewhat the effects of injustice. It cannot cure them. And
thus that pseudo-charity that discards and denies justice works
evil. On the one side, it demoralizes the recipients.... On the
other side, it acts as an anodyne to the consciences of those who
are living on the robbery of their fellows." (The Condition
of Labor: An Open Letter to Pope Leo XIII, 1891)
TOLSTOY: "Philanthropy had done more harm than good."
(Tolstoy's comment, quoted in Charles R. Joy, Lyof Tolstoy: An
Anthology, 1958, page xiii)
How should an individual oppose the all-powerful State? One of the
methods of opposition is known as civil disobedience. What is civil
disobedience?
GEORGE: "When large bodies come to act together,
personal selection becomes more difficult, a blinder obedience
becomes necessary, and can be enforced; and... absolute power
arises." (Progress and Poverty) However, we must refuse
obedience to this "absolute power," and obey only Justice.
"If, while there is yet time, we turn to Justice and obey her,
if we trust Liberty and follow her, the dangers that now threaten
must disappear, the forces that now menace will turn to agencies of
elevation." (Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "We must not only cease our present desire for the
growth of our State, but we must desire its decrease, its weakening;
and help this ... with all our might." (Patriotism or
Peace?, 1896)
"You wish to make me a participator in murder ... but I
profess that law ... which long ago forbade not murder only, but all
hostility, ... and, therefore, I cannot obey you." (Two
Wars, 1896)
Is there any other way (beside civil disobedience) to fight the
tyrannical State? Should there not be a civil war or a bloody
revolution?
GEORGE: No. "Social reform is not to be secured by
... the making of revolutions." (Social Problems) When
the Georgist "remedy" of abolishing private property in
land is adopted, then "society would ... approach the ideal of
Jeffersonian democracy, ... the abolition of government. But of
government only as a directing and repressive power." (Progress
and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: No. "Wonderful to relate, all this vast potential
mass of men, armed with all the powers of human authority, ... is
ready to crumble ... at the appearance of a single man ... who would
not yield to human demands, but obeyed the law of God and was
faithful to it." (Postscript to the "Life of Drozhin")
Poverty, oppression, social misery "can be undone, not by
political reform, not Socialistic schemes for the future, not by
revolutions in the present, and still less by philanthropic
assistance or governmental organization for the purchase and
distribution of land among the peasants. Such palliative measures
only distract attention from the essence of the problem and thus
retard its solution." (A Great Iniquity)
* * *
What are the "positive" factors of human existence?
The world, stated the two writers, is governed by Natural Law (or
Laws, singular and plural interchangeably used), which is also the
Moral Law. Each person must be guided by his or her own conscience
to find and follow this Natural Law.
GEORGE: "The great fact which Science in all her
branches shows is the universality of law. ...The social law runs
into and conforms with the moral law." (Progress and
Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "What is the law of nature? ...To be certain that
my piece of bread only belongs to me when I know that every one
else has a share, and that no one suffers because of it."
(Religion and Morality, date uncertain)
"It is only necessary to act to others as we wish them to act
to us. In that is all the law and the prophets... And to act in that
way we need neither ikons, nor relics, nor church services, nor
priests, nor catechisms, nor governments; but ... we need perfect
freedom." (Letter to a Non-Commissioned Officer, no
date)
... And speaking of freedom (or Liberty, words synonymously used):
GEORGE: "Liberty! it is a word to conjure with, not
to vex the ear in empty boastings. For Liberty means Justice, and
Justice is the natural law - the law of health and symmetry and
strength, of fraternity and co-operation." (Progress and
Poverty)
"In our time, as in times before, creep on the insidious
forces that, producing inequality, destroy Liberty. On the horizon
the clouds begin to lower. Liberty calls to us again. We must follow
her further; we must trust her fully. Either we must wholly accept
her, or she will not stay. ...Either this, or Liberty withdraws her
light! Either this, or darkness comes on, and the very forces that
progress has evolved turn to powers that work destruction. This is
the universal law. This is the lesson of the centuries. Unless its
foundations be laid in justice the social structure cannot stand."
(Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "Awake, brethren! ...Believe only the consciousness
which tells you that you are neither beasts nor slaves, but free
men." (Carthago Delenda Est, 1899)
"If only free men would not rely on that which has no power,
and is always fettered ... but would trust in that which is always
powerful and free - the truth and its expression!" (On
Patriotism)
... And speaking of truth:
GEORGE: "I propose to beg no question, to shrink from no
conclusion, but to follow truth wherever it may lead." (Progress
and Poverty)
"The truth that I have tried to make clear will not find easy
acceptance. If that could be, it would have been accepted long ago.
If that could be, it would never have been obscured. But it will
find friends - those who will toil for it; suffer for it; if need
be, die for it. This is the power of Truth." (Progress and
Poverty)
"Will it at length prevail? Ultimately, yes. But in our own
times, or in times of which any memory of us remains, who shall say?"
(Progress and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "As a fire lit on a prairie or in a forest will not
die out until it has burned all that is dry and dead, ... so truth,
once articulated in human utterance, will not cease its work until
all falsehood... is destroyed." (The Beginning of the End,
1897)
"I would like to think that we Russian parasites [landlords],
reared by and having received leisure for mental work through the
people's labor, will understand our sin, and, independently of our
personal advantage, in the name of the truth that condemns us, will
endeavor to undo it." (A Great Iniquity)
The central theme in the writings of the two men is human
individuality - the uniqueness and distinction of each person on
earth.
"GEORGE: "No one ever said, 'In a multitude of
generals there is victory.' On the contrary, the adage is, 'One poor
general is better than two good ones.'" (The Science of
Political Economy, 1897)
"Let no man imagine that he has no influence. Whoever he may
be, and wherever he may be placed, the man who thinks becomes a
light and a power." (Social Problems)
TOLSTOY: "Let the government keep the schools, Church, press,
its milliards of money, and millions of armed men transformed into
machines; all this ... brute force is as nothing compared to the
consciousness of truth, which surges in the soul of one man who
knows the power of truth, which is communicated from him to a second
and a third, as one candle lights an innumerable quantity of others."
(A Reply to Criticisms, 1895)
How should each person live his or her life?
GEORGE: "As ... man develops his nobler nature,
there arises the desire ... that he ... may somehow aid in making
life better and brighter, in destroying want and sin, sorrow and
shame.... He works for those he never saw and never can see; for a
fame, or maybe but for a scant justice, that can come long after the
clods have rattled upon his coffin lid." (Progress and
Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "Religion is the meaning we give to our lives; it is
that which gives strength and direction to our life. Everyone that
lives finds such a meaning and lives on the basis of that meaning."
(Church and State, no date)
What is the "essence" of the philosophies of George and
Tolstoy? With what illustrative comment will each conclude this "symposium"?
GEORGE: "The poverty which in the midst of abundance
pinches and embrutes men, and all the manifold evils which flow from
it, spring from a denial of justice. In permitting the
monopolization of the opportunities which nature freely offers to
all, we have ignored the fundamental law of justice - for so far as
we can see, when we view things upon a large scale, justice seems to
be the supreme law of the universe. But by sweeping away this
injustice and asserting the rights of all men to natural
opportunities, we shall conform ourselves to the law - we shall
remove the great cause of unnatural inequality in the distribution
of wealth and power; we shall abolish poverty; tame the ruthless
passions of greed; dry up the springs of vice and misery; light in
dark places the lamp of knowledge; give new vigor to invention and a
fresh impulse to discovery; substitute political strength for
political weakness; and make tyranny and anarchy impossible." (Progress
and Poverty)
TOLSTOY: "A time will come when all men will hearken unto the
word of God, will forget the arts of war, will melt their swords
into plowshares and their lances into reaping-hooks; - which, being
translated, means when all the prisons, the fortresses, the
barracks, the palaces, and the churches will remain empty, the
gallows and the cannon will be useless. This is no longer a mere
Utopia, but a new and definite system of life, toward which mankind
is progressing with ever increasing rapidity... But when will it
come? ...Men cannot know, since the coming of that hour depends only
on men themselves.... Each one has but to begin to do his duty, each
one has but to live according to the light that is within him, to
bring about the immediate advent of the promised Kingdom of God, for
which the heart of every man yearns." (The Kingdom of God
Is within You)
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